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- US DEPARTMENT OF STATE
- BACKGROUND NOTES SERIES, COMOROS, APRIL 1992
- PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS
-
- Official Name: Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros
-
- PROFILE
-
- Geography
-
- Area: 2,171 sq. km. (838 sq. mi.); slightly less than half the size of
- Delaware. Major islands: Grande Comore (1,025 sq. km.), Anjouan (424 sq.
- km.), Mayotte (374 sq. km.), and Moheli (211 sq. km.). Cities:
- Capital - Moroni (pop. 30,000). Other city - Mutsamudu (20,000).
- Terrain: Rugged. Climate: Tropical marine.
-
- People
-
- Nationality: Noun and adjective=Comorian(s). Population (1990 est.):
- 455,000. Mayotte - 70,000 (1990 est.). Annual growth rate (1990 est.):
- 3.1%. Ethnic groups: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava.
- Religions: Sunni Muslim 98%, Roman Catholic 2%. Languages: Shikomoro
- (a Swahili-Arab), Malagasy, French. Education: Attendance = 62% primary,
- 32% secondary. Literacy = 15%. Health: Infant mortality rate = 120/1,000.
- Life expectancy = 54 yrs. Work force (200,000): Agriculture = 87%.
- Government = 3%.
-
- Government
-
- Type: Republic. Independence: July 6, 1975 (Mayotte remains under
- French administration). Constitution: Adopted by referendum in 1978
- and since amended.
-
- Branches: Executive - president. Legislative - National Assembly. Judicial-
- traditional Muslim and codified law from French sources. Political parties:
- 17 political parties. Suffrage: Universal adult. Flag: White crescent
- moon encircling four white stars on green field.
-
- Economy
-
- GDP (1990 est.): $240 million. Avg. annual growth rate (1989-1990): 1.9%.
- Per capita income: $448. Agriculture (37% of GDP): Products - perfume
- essences, copra, coconuts, cloves, vanilla, cinnamon, yams, bananas. Services
- (25% of GDP): Commerce, tourism. Industry (4% of GDP): Types - perfume
- distillation. Trade: Exports=$22 million: vanilla, cloves, perfume essences,
- copra. Major markets=France 47%, US 37%, Germany 10%. Imports=$40 million:
- rice, petroleum, meat, wheat flour, cotton textiles, cement. Major suppliers=
- France 41%, Madagascar 12%, Pakistan 8%, South Africa 6%. Official exchange
- rate (1991): Comorian franc 279=US$1.
-
- US economic aid received: US development assistance is administered by CARE,
- the private voluntary organization (primarily for reforestation, soil
- conservation, and sustainable agriculture). Assistance in FY1991 was $700,000.
- The Peace Corps has 21 volunteers. Scholarship assistance totaling $100,000
- was available in 1990.
-
- PEOPLE
-
- The Comorians inhabiting Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli (86% of the
- population) share African-Arab origins. Islam is the dominant religion,
- and Koranic schools for children reinforce its influence. Although Arab
- culture is firmly established throughout the archipelago, a substantial
- minority of the citizens of Mayotte (the Mahorais) are Catholic and have
- been influenced strongly by French culture.
-
- The most common language is Shikomoro, a Swahili dialect. French and Malagasy
- are also spoken. About 15% of the population is literate.
-
- HISTORY
-
- Over the centuries, the islands were invaded by a succession of diverse
- groups from the coast of Africa, the Persian Gulf, Indonesia, and Madagascar.
- Portuguese explorers visited the archipelago in 1505. Shirazi Arab migrants
- introduced Islam at about the same time. Between 1841 and 1912, France
- established colonial rule over Grande Comore, Anjouan, Mayotte, and Moheli
- and placed the islands under the administration of the governor general of
- Madagascar. Later, French settlers, French-owned companies, and wealthy Arab
- merchants established a plantation-based economy that now uses about one-third
- of the land for export crops.
-
- After World War II, the islands became a French overseas territory and were
- represented in France+s National Assembly. Internal political autonomy
- was granted in 1961. Agreement was reached with France in 1973 for Comoros
- to become independent in 1978. On July 6, 1975, however, the Comorian
- Parliament passed a resolution declaring unilateral independence. The
- deputies of Mayotte abstained, and as a result, the Comorian Government has
- effective control over only Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli. Mayotte
- remains under French administration.
-
- GOVERNMENT
-
- Although Comoros has been independent since 1975, the country had no
- constitution until the return to power of President Abdallah in 1978.
- A National Assembly was elected in 1982, and the constitution was revised
- in 1984 to permit the president to appoint governors of each of the three
- main islands. Two months after President Abdallah+s assassination on November
- 27, 1989, presidential elections were held, and Said Mohamed Djohar was
- designated president for a 6-year term. It is widely expected that a new
- constitution, formed by a government of national unity and allowing for a
- prime minister, will be ratified and adopted in 1992. New elections are
- also planned for late 1992.
-
- Principal Government Officials President=Said Mohamed Djohar Minister of
- Foreign Affairs+Said Hassan Said Hachim Ambassador to the United States
- and the United Nations+Amin Ali Moumin Comoros maintains a mission to the
- United States at 336 E. 45th St., 2d Floor, New York, NY 10017, tel. (212)
- 972-8010.
-
- POLITICAL CONDITIONS
-
- After a unilateral declaration of independence from France by the Comorian
- parliament in 1975, Ahmed Abdallah was designated President. After barely
- a month in office, he was overthrown by foreign mercenaries who installed
- Ali Soilih. Soilih embarked on a +socialist+ revolution, relying on
- undisciplined youth committees that often terrorized the public. Government
- archives were burned and civil servants fired. Soilih openly challenged the
- dominance of Islam, alienating much of the devoutly Islamic population.
- A second mercenary attack, in 1978, restored Abdallah to power, and Soilih
- was killed. A constitution was adopted by popular referendum on October 1,
- 1978, and Abdallah was elected President the same year.
-
- Sometime during the night of November 26, 1989, President Abdallah was
- assassinated at his residence, probably by mercenaries in his presidential
- guard under Bob Denard. French troops were dispatched from Mayotte, and the
- mercenaries were forced to leave on December 15, 1989.
-
- In early 1990, Said Mohamed Djohar emerged as the winner of the presidential
- elections. Since then the country has been engaged in rewriting the
- constitution, which is expected to be adopted this year. The country is
- also engaged in implementing the terms of an IMF/World Bank structural
- adjustment program to improve its economy.
-
- ECONOMY
-
- Comoros, with an estimated gross domestic product (GDP) per capita income of
- about $450, is among the world+s poorest and least developed nations. Although
- the quality of the land differs from island to island, most of the widespread
- lava-encrusted soil formations are unsuited to agriculture. As a result,
- most of the inhabitants make their living from subsistence agriculture and
- fishing.
-
- Agriculture, involving more than 87% of the population and 37% of the gross
- domestic product, provides virtually all foreign exchange earnings. Services
- including tourism, construction, and commercial activities constitute the
- remainder of the GDP. Plantations engage a large proportion of the population
- in producing the islands+ major cash crops for export+vanilla, cloves,
- perfume essences, and copra. Comoros is the world+s leading producer of
- essence of ylang-ylang, used in manufacturing perfume. It also is the worlds
- second largest producer of vanilla. Principal food crops are coconuts,
- bananas, and cassava. Foodstuffs constitute 34% of total imports.
-
- The country lacks the infrastructure necessary for development. Some
- villages are not linked to the main road system or at best are connected
- by tracks usable only by four-wheel-drive vehicles.
-
- The island's ports are rudimentary, although a deep-water facility was
- recently completed on Anjouan. Only small vessels can approach the existing
- quays in Moroni on Grande Comore, despite recent improvements. Long-distance
- ocean-going ships must lie offshore and be unloaded by smaller boats; during
- the cyclone season, this procedure is dangerous, and ships are reluctant to
- call at the island. Most freight is sent first to Mombasa or Reunion and
- transhipped from there.
-
- France, Comoros' major trading partner, also provides direct budgetary
- support essential to the government+s daily operations. The United States
- receives a growing percentage of Comoros+ exports but supplies only a
- negligible (less than 1%) fraction of its imports.
-
- Comoros has an international airport at Hahaya on Grande Comore. It is a
- member of the franc zone (Communaute Financiere Africaine CFA), with an
- exchange rate of 279 CFA francs = US$1 (1991).
-
- FOREIGN RELATIONS
-
- In November 1975, Comoros became the 143d member of the United Nations. The
- new nation was defined as consisting of the entire archipelago, despite the
- fact that France maintains control over Mayotte.
-
- Comoros also is a member of the Organization of African Unity, the European
- Development Fund, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Indian
- Ocean Commission, and the African Development Bank.
-
- DEFENSE
-
- The military resources of the Comoros consist of a small standing army and a
- 500-member police force, as well as a 500-member defense force. A defense
- treaty with France provides naval resources for protection of territorial
- waters, training of Comorian military personnel, and air surveillance.
- France maintains a small maritime base and a Foreign Legion contingent on
- Mayotte.
-
- US-COMORIAN RELATIONS
-
- The United States recognized the Comorian Government in 1977, and the two
- countries enjoy friendly relations.
-
- Principal US Officials
-
- Ambassador+Kenneth N. Peltier
- Administrative/Consular Officer Rowena Cross-Najafy
-
- The address of the US Embassy in Moroni is PO Box 1318, Moroni, RFI des
- Comoros (tel. 73-22-03 or 73-29-22). Embassy hours are 7:30-3:30 Monday
- to Friday.
-
- Travel Notes
-
- Climate and clothing: The climate is hot. Light rainwear and summer clothing
- are appropriate year round. Customs: A valid passport and visa are required.
- Visas are available through the Embassy of Senegal in Washington. Visas also
- may be obtained on arrival if unavailable in country of origin.
-
- Health: No vaccinations are required. Malaria is widespread, and prophylactics,
- such as chloroquine, paludrine, and fansidar, are used. Take reasonable
- precautions in eating fruits, vegetables, and meats. Seek advice before
- using beaches.
-
- Telecommunications: Long-distance telephone and telegraph services are
- available in Moroni. The country is 8 time zones earlier than eastern
- standard time.
-
- Transportation: There are flights to and from Comoros from Paris, Mauritius,
- Nairobi, South Africa, Tanzania, and Madagascar. The three main islands are
- connected by daily flights, but there is no regular ocean communication.
-
- Published by the United States Department of State
- Bureau of Public Affairs
- Office of Public Communication
- Washington, DC
- April 1992
- Editor: Peter A. Knecht.
-
- Department of State Publication 8963 - Background Notes Series - This material
- is in the public domain and may be reprinted without permission; citation of
- this source is appreciated.
-
- For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office,
- Washington, DC 20402.
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